# Tables (generated by build.mjs; do not edit by hand)

Windows: W1, W2. English arm unless stated. Engines: Gemini `gemini-3.8-flash`, ChatGPT `gpt-5.5-2026-04-23` (APIs).

## T1. Trials by engine, window and status

Unit: trial (both arms). Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z).

| engine | window | first attempts | retries | final |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gemini | W1 | {"completed":144} | {} | {"completed":144} |
| gemini | W2 | {"completed":144} | {} | {"completed":144} |
| openai | W1 | {"completed":69,"error":75} | {"completed":75} | {"completed":144} |
| openai | W2 | {"completed":144} | {} | {"completed":144} |

## T2. Search rate by engine and intent

Unit: completed trial; rate = trials with a recorded web search ÷ completed trials. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z).

| intent | gemini | openai |
|---|---|---|
| all | 171 of 252 (67.9%) | 241 of 252 (95.6%) |
| provider | 82 of 84 (97.6%) | 84 of 84 (100.0%) |
| informational | 11 of 84 (13.1%) | 73 of 84 (86.9%) |
| cost | 78 of 84 (92.9%) | 84 of 84 (100.0%) |

## T3. Source type by engine (windows pooled)

Unit: (trial, cited URL) pair. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z). other-unresolvable splits into the codebook R1 sub-labels below.

| | gemini | openai |
|---|---|---|
| agency-owned-service | 1073 (70.9%) | 532 (57.1%) |
| agency-owned-listicle | 196 (13.0%) | 8 (0.9%) |
| freelancer-site | 53 (3.5%) | 18 (1.9%) |
| independent-listicle | 5 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| directory-review | 18 (1.2%) | 39 (4.2%) |
| press-release | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (0.5%) |
| social-profile | 31 (2.0%) | 1 (0.1%) |
| company-profile | 1 (0.1%) | 12 (1.3%) |
| marketplace | 8 (0.5%) | 15 (1.6%) |
| news-media | 45 (3.0%) | 3 (0.3%) |
| government-association | 2 (0.1%) | 159 (17.1%) |
| google-property | 0 (0.0%) | 102 (10.9%) |
| vendor-docs | 56 (3.7%) | 26 (2.8%) |
| other-unresolvable | 25 (1.7%) | 12 (1.3%) |
| **denominator** | 1513 | 932 |

- gemini, other-unresolvable: independent non-listicle page 21; dead, blocked or unknown 4
- openai, other-unresolvable: independent non-listicle page 11; dead, blocked or unknown 1

## T4. Provider-owned vs third-party by engine

Unit: (trial, cited URL) pair. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z). Provider-owned = agency-owned-service + agency-owned-listicle + freelancer-site.

| | gemini | openai |
|---|---|---|
| provider-owned | 1322 (87.4%) | 558 (59.9%) |
| third-party | 191 (12.6%) | 374 (40.1%) |
| **denominator** | 1513 | 932 |

## T5. Publisher country by engine

Unit: (trial, cited URL) pair. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z).

| | gemini | openai |
|---|---|---|
| MY | 1379 (91.1%) | 755 (81.0%) |
| foreign | 88 (5.8%) | 144 (15.5%) |
| unknown | 10 (0.7%) | 10 (1.1%) |
| platform | 36 (2.4%) | 23 (2.5%) |
| **denominator** | 1513 | 932 |

## T6. Named platforms: top 10 domains not coded as providers

Unit: (trial, registrable domain) pair, both engines. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z). Agencies and freelancers are excluded here and anonymised everywhere; so are the websites in unnamed.json (they sell these services but are coded otherwise).

| domain | type | domain-citations | distinct prompts | gemini | openai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| google.com | google-property | 46 | 12 | 0 | 46 |
| pdp.gov.my | government-association | 35 | 9 | 0 | 35 |
| clutch.co | directory-review | 24 | 11 | 6 | 18 |
| ssm.com.my | government-association | 22 | 6 | 0 | 22 |
| facebook.com | social-profile | 18 | 9 | 17 | 1 |
| myipo.gov.my | government-association | 17 | 5 | 0 | 17 |
| malaysiakini.com | news-media | 17 | 4 | 17 | 0 |
| google.cn | google-property | 12 | 6 | 0 | 12 |
| moh.gov.my | government-association | 11 | 3 | 0 | 11 |
| handld.org | marketplace | 9 | 5 | 0 | 9 |

## T7. W1 → W2 stability

Unit: prompt × engine domain sets. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z).

- gemini: median Jaccard 0.40 over 29 prompts; 55.8% of W1 domains reappear in W2
- openai: median Jaccard 0.35 over 42 prompts; 54.2% of W1 domains reappear in W2

## T8. Page type among agency-owned citations

Unit: (trial, cited URL) pair with an agency-owned code. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z).

| | gemini | openai |
|---|---|---|
| homepage | 54 (4.3%) | 100 (18.5%) |
| service-or-industry-page | 512 (40.3%) | 273 (50.6%) |
| article-listicle | 688 (54.2%) | 161 (29.8%) |
| other | 15 (1.2%) | 6 (1.1%) |
| **denominator** | 1269 | 540 |

## T9. Concentration

Unit: (trial, registrable domain) pair. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z).

- gemini: 24 domains account for 50% and 85 for 80% of 1343 domain-citations (249 distinct domains)
- openai: 23 domains account for 50% and 87 for 80% of 845 domain-citations (219 distinct domains)

## T10. Exploratory (labelled exploratory in the paper)

## T10a. Bahasa Malaysia arm: source type

Unit: (trial, cited URL) pair, BM prompts. Period: W1 26 September 2026 to 27 September 2026; W2 4 October 2026 (Asia/Kuala_Lumpur). Source: this study's panel logs and coding sheets (build 2026-10-06T03:52:33.970Z). Search rate: gemini 24 of 36 (66.7%); openai 36 of 36 (100%).

| | gemini | openai |
|---|---|---|
| agency-owned-service | 140 (71.4%) | 121 (59.0%) |
| agency-owned-listicle | 19 (9.7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| freelancer-site | 19 (9.7%) | 7 (3.4%) |
| directory-review | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) |
| social-profile | 2 (1.0%) | 4 (2.0%) |
| company-profile | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.0%) |
| marketplace | 2 (1.0%) | 4 (2.0%) |
| news-media | 10 (5.1%) | 3 (1.5%) |
| government-association | 0 (0.0%) | 26 (12.7%) |
| google-property | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (7.8%) |
| vendor-docs | 3 (1.5%) | 17 (8.3%) |
| other-unresolvable | 1 (0.5%) | 4 (2.0%) |
| **denominator** | 196 | 205 |

- T10b google-aio: 24 of 24 captures rendered an AI answer (0 with no sources); provider-owned 143 (77.7%) of 184 (link, capture) pairs; top types agency-owned-service 60.9%, agency-owned-listicle 13.0%, social-profile 11.4%, directory-review 5.4%
- T10b google-ai-mode: 24 of 24 captures rendered an AI answer (2 with no sources); provider-owned 182 (79.8%) of 228 (link, capture) pairs; top types agency-owned-service 59.2%, agency-owned-listicle 17.1%, social-profile 8.3%, directory-review 4.8%

- T10c source type by intent (engines pooled): provider: agency-owned-service 67.2%, agency-owned-listicle 15.3%, news-media 3.9% (n=1090) · informational: government-association 32.8%, agency-owned-service 30.7%, google-property 21.2% (n=378) · cost: agency-owned-service 77.5%, vendor-docs 4.9%, freelancer-site 3.7% (n=977)
- T10e provider-owned share by engine and kind of question: gemini provider 627 (86.1%) of 728, informational 64 (85.3%) of 75, cost 631 (88.9%) of 710; openai provider 307 (84.8%) of 362, informational 57 (18.8%) of 303, cost 194 (72.7%) of 267
- T10d GEO category vs the other six, provider-owned share: gemini geo 193 (89.8%) of 215, others 1129 (87.0%) of 1298; openai geo 78 (44.1%) of 177, others 480 (63.6%) of 755

## T11. Coding reliability

Blind re-code of 569 sampled rows. Source type: agreement 92.6%, Cohen's kappa 0.87. Publisher country: agreement 88.9%, kappa 0.57.

## Disclosure line (D5: ALIQ appears only as this aggregate)

ALIQ's own pages: 75 of 2846 (trial, cited URL) pairs across both arms and engines (2.6%). Google sub-panel: 7 of 412 (link, capture) pairs.

## Coverage

2846 (trial, URL) pairs, 2562 (trial, domain) pairs, 412 Google sub-panel pairs; uncoded 0; sponsored 24.